Below the specimen, the beam is de-scanned, the net effect being equivalent to precessing the specimen around a stationary beam focused to a probe size of 0.1 μm for typical precession and convergence angles. The performance of a scanning system for a transmission electron microscope is described, where the focused beam is scanned at a constant angle around the optic axis. Antandros glass tesserae were all opacified with antimony oxides and colored with transition metal oxides which are Lower natron levels indicate that Antandros mosaic glass may have been produced in 7th century AD or natron may have been provided from a new flux source due to the shortage of Egyptian mineral soda or due to economic reasons glass manufacturers succeeded to produce same glass with low flux addition. The results show that all the Antandros glasses were produced by using coastal sand as Levantine I glasses and exhibit similarĬompositions with natron type glasses (Roman type glasses), except for lower natron levels.
Their color, mineralogical, chemical and microstructural characteristics were determined using colorimeter, x-ray diffraction, x-ray fluorescence and scanning electron microscope.
The main objective of this study was to determine the compositional group of the glass tesserae. In this study, material characteristics of glass mosaic tesserae from Antandros ancient city, western Turkey, were investigated. Glass studies but more generally of high-temperature technologies used throughout antiquity. This work is the starting point for a complete reassessment not only of ancient Egyptian Micro X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy (μ-XANES) proved to be very well suited to the selective measure of the antimony Micro- and nano-analytical techniques (scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), TEM). On the investigation of the crystals and the vitreous matrices using an appropriate suite of high-sensitivity and high-resolution We developed an original strategy focused Methods for calcium antimonate, we propose that Egyptian craftsmen could have produced Ca2Sb2O7 by using mixtures of Sb2O3 or Sb2O5 with calcium carbonates (atomic ratio Sb/Ca=1) heat treated between 10☌. Prior to this research, suchĪ process for glassmaking has not been suggested for any kind of ancient opaque glass production. Time in the study of Egyptian opaque glasses, we show that these opacifiers were nano-crystals.
Furthermore, using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for the first Not exist in nature, and then added them to a glass. That Egyptian glassmakers did not use in situ crystallization but first synthesized calcium antimonate opacifiers, which do Our results shed a new light on glassmaking history: contrary to what was thought, we demonstrate The technological processes as well as the antimony sources used to manufacture theseĬrystals remain unknown. During the 18th Egyptian dynasty (1570–1292 B.C.), opaque white, blue and turquoise glasses were opacified by calcium antimonateĬrystals dispersed in a vitreous matrix.
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